几种主要降解材料比较
Comparison of several main degradable materials
根据降解方式不同，目前，主要分为五大类：双降解塑料;纸制品;草纤维;聚丙烯;全生物降解包装材料。
According to different degradation methods, at present, it is mainly divided into five categories: biodegradable plastics; Paper Products; Grass fiber; Polypropylene; Fully biodegradable packaging materials.
1.双降解塑料：在塑料里面加淀粉称为生物降解塑料，加光降解引发剂称为光降解塑料，同时加入淀粉和光降解引发剂的称为双降解塑料。双降解塑料由于不能完全降解成分子状态，只能降解成小碎片或粉末，对生态环境的破坏一点不能减弱，反而更甚;光降解塑料和双降解塑料中的光敏剂有不同程度的毒性，有的甚至是致癌物。1995年美国FDA食品和药物管理局的简称)就明文规定光降解塑料不能用于接触食品包装。光降解引发剂大多是由蒽、菲、茂、苯酮、烷基胺、蒽醌及其衍生物组成，这几种化合物哪一种都是有毒物质，接触久了会致癌。这些化合物在光照下产生自由基，而自由基在衰老、致病因素等方面都会对人体产生很大的影响，这是人所共知的，并且对自然环境造成的危害很大。
1. Double degradable plastics: the plastics with starch added are called biodegradable plastics, the plastics with photodegradation initiators added are called photodegradable plastics, and the plastics with starch and photodegradation initiators added are called double degradable plastics. The double degradable plastic can only be degraded into small fragments or powder because it can not be completely degraded into molecular state. The damage to the ecological environment cannot be weakened at all, but is even worse; Photosensitizers in photodegradable plastics and double degradable plastics have different degrees of toxicity, some even carcinogens. In 1995, the FDA Food and Drug Administration (FDA for short) expressly stipulated that photodegradable plastics should not be used to contact food packaging. Photodegradation initiators are mostly composed of anthracene, phenanthrene, cyclopentadienyl, benzone, alkyl amine, anthraquinone and their derivatives. Any of these compounds is toxic and will cause cancer after long contact. These compounds produce free radicals under light, and free radicals have a great impact on human body in aging, pathogenic factors and other aspects, which is well known, and cause great harm to the natural environment.
2.纸制品包装材料：出于纸制品包装材料需要大量的纸浆，而且根据不同的要求还加入大量的木质纸浆(如方便面碗需要加入木质纸浆85-100%，才能保持方便面碗的强度和挺括)，这样纸制品所用的纸浆前期污染十分严重，木质纸浆对于自然资源的影响也是相当大的。所以，其应用受到限制。美国上世纪80年代大量使用纸制品包装制品，到现在已基本由淀粉类生物降解材料所代替。
2. Packaging materials for paper products: For the packaging materials for paper products, a large amount of paper pulp is required, and a large amount of wood pulp is added according to different requirements (for example, 85-100% wood pulp is required for instant noodle bowls to maintain the strength and straightness of instant noodle bowls). In this way, the pulp used for paper products is seriously polluted in the early stage, and wood pulp has a considerable impact on natural resources. Therefore, its application is limited. In the 1980s, the United States used a large number of paper packaging products, which have been basically replaced by starch biodegradable materials.
3.聚丙烯：聚丙烯是在原国家经贸委发出“禁止一次性发泡塑料餐具”的6号令之后，在我国市场才开始逐渐形成起来的。因为原国家经贸委禁止的的“发泡塑料”，没有禁止“非发泡塑料”制品，一部分人则钻了国家政策的空子。聚丙烯的毒性已经引起北京市政府学生营养餐办公室的注意，北京已经开始禁止聚丙烯餐具在中小学生中使用。
3. Polypropylene: Polypropylene began to take shape in the Chinese market after the original State Economic and Trade Commission issued the No. 6 Order of "Prohibition of disposable foamed plastic tableware". Because the "foamed plastics" prohibited by the former State Economic and Trade Commission were not prohibited from "non foamed plastics" products, some people took advantage of national policies. The toxicity of polypropylene has attracted the attention of the Student Nutrition Meal Office of the Beijing Municipal Government, and Beijing has begun to prohibit the use of polypropylene tableware among primary and secondary school students.

4.全生物降解包装材料：90年代初，我国同美国、德国、日本和韩国等发达国家相继开展以淀粉为原料的生物降解包装材料的研究，取得了可喜的成果。生物降解型聚合物作为一种可自然降解材料，在环境保护方面起到了独特的作用，其研究和开发也得到了迅速发展。所谓生物降解材料必须是能被微生物完全消化，并只产生自然副产物(二氧化碳、甲烷、水、生物质等)的材料。淀粉是一年生植物的果实，可以是大米淀粉、玉米淀粉、土豆淀粉、红薯淀粉、木薯淀粉等。淀粉作为一次性包装材料，生产和使用过程中无污染，而且使用后可做饲料，用于鱼及其他动物的喂养，也可降解后做肥料。
4. Fully biodegradable packaging materials: In the early 1990s, China, together with the United States, Germany, Japan, South Korea and other developed countries, carried out research on biodegradable packaging materials using starch as raw materials, and achieved gratifying results. As a natural degradable material, biodegradable polymers have played a unique role in environmental protection, and their research and development have also been rapidly developed. The so-called biodegradable materials must be materials that can be completely digested by microorganisms and only produce natural by-products (carbon dioxide, methane, water, biomass, etc.). Starch is the fruit of annual plants, which can be rice starch, corn starch, potato starch, sweet potato starch, cassava starch, etc. As a disposable packaging material, starch is pollution-free in the production and use process, and can be used as feed, used for feeding fish and other animals, or used as fertilizer after degradation.
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